Sexual Reproduction Humans | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool

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Sexual Reproduction Humans | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool

Humans look a bit like each of their parents. This is because they share genetic information with both of them. This mixing comes about because of sexual reproduction, which involves the joining of two sex cells, or gametes, in a process called fertilization. You can find out more about fertilization by watching this video

Male and female humans have different reproductive systems. During puberty, the reproductive organs develop to enable the production of offspring. This video covers what happens during puberty in more detail.

The testes produce sperm, the male gametes. The testes are kept outside of the body in the scrotum. This keeps them cooler and is better for sperm production. The sperm ducts carry sperm from the testes to the urethra, which is a tube running down the inside of the penis. Here, the sperm is mixed with secretions from glands to produce a liquid called semen. Semen helps carry the sperm into the female reproductive system.

The female gametes, eggs or ova, are released from the ovaries. One is released every month by a process called ovulation. When a baby girl is born, she already has all of the eggs she will ever release inside her ovaries. During puberty, the monthly cycle of an egg maturing and being released starts. This is part of the menstrual cycle; more about this can be found in our video about menstruation.

After ovulation the egg travels along a tube called the Fallopian tube, or oviduct, away from the ovary and towards the uterus, which is also known as the womb.

During sexual intercourse, also called copulation, semen is ejaculated from the penis into the woman’s vagina and swims up through the cervix and the uterus. If a sperm manages to reach the egg in the fallopian tube, then fertilization will occur. The fertilized egg, called a zygote, will start to divide. On reaching the uterus, this cluster of cells will settle into the lining. If the egg is not fertilized, it will leave the uterus along with the lining, and menstruation (also known as a period) will happen.

Once inside the uterus of the pregnant woman, the ball of cells will continue to divide and differentiate to form different types of cells. Some will form structures in the embryo and others the placenta. The placenta is an organ and is where exchange of substances between the mother and the embryo occurs. Nutrients and oxygen will pass from the mother’s blood into the embryo’s blood in the placenta. Blood vessels in the umbilical cord transport these to the embryo. Waste products, like carbon dioxide, will pass from the embryo to the mother, where they are excreted.

At the end of week 8 after fertilization, the embryo is called a fetus. It now has all of its organs, including a heart and brain but it is still only the size of a grape. The fetus continues to develop for the entire pregnancy, also called gestation, so it can survive independently of its mother. This is normally between 38 and 42 weeks.

In this video, you have learnt about sexual reproduction in humans and how the male and female sexual reproductive organs are used to form and grow a fetus, which becomes a baby ready to be born.



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