A dark factory — also called lights-out manufacturing — is a fully automated production facility where robots, AI, and computer systems handle all the work without human presence. Since no people are inside, there’s no need for lighting, air conditioning, or many human-safety features, which reduces costs and energy use.These factories can operate 24/7, increasing productivity and precision while reducing labor costs and human error. They’re especially suited for repetitive, high-volume, or hazardous tasks, and they maintain consistent quality at high speeds.
Some famous examples include robot-building plants in Japan that run in complete darkness for weeks, and highly automated electronics factories that produce thousands of units a day with minimal human oversight. More recently, smartphone plants have used dark-factory concepts to produce devices at a pace of one per second, powered by advanced AI, sensors, and automated cleaning systems.
However, creating a dark factory requires heavy investment, complex engineering, and a skilled support team to maintain and monitor the systems. There are also challenges, including the risk of job losses, cybersecurity threats, and less flexibility when shifting to new products. Despite this, many see dark factories as a glimpse of the future of manufacturing.
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