The First Brain - How And When Did It Evolve?

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00:00 The First Brain
10:00 - Part 1 - What Is A Brain?
28:08 - Part 2 - How Did Brains Evolve?
49:41 - Part 3 - When Did Brains Evolve?

Researched and Written by Leila Battison
Edited by James Devonport
Audio & Additional Editing by Pete Kelly
Narration by David Kelly
Thumbnail Art by Ettore Mazza

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* Other Minds - Peter Godfrey Smith
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Image Sources:

INTRO

Julian Johnsonmortimer/Pexels;
T. Jeffrey Parker, A Manual of Zoology (1900);
Holliday Lab, “Alligator Trigeminal Nerve and Brain” (Sketchfab), CC BY-SA 4.0;
Crocodile Brain: CK12;
Nobu Tamura, Mike Fisher, Versal, Auge=mit, 511KeV – all CC BY(-SA);
Brasilodon quadrangularis, Anatomical Society/Wiley.

PART 1

Polygon data: DBCLS BodyParts3D, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP;
Ratiu et al. (2004);
Wilgus Collection photo, CC BY-SA 3.0;
Cicero Moraes, M. Oktar Guloglu, Dr. Jana, Bruttokolliko, Quorumetrix – all CC BY(-SA);
Van Horn et al. (2012), PLoS ONE, CC BY 2.5;
Walsh et al., Bradbury/PLoS, Hermann Cuntz/PLoS, Minerbi et al., CC BY 2.5;
Erald Mecani, H. Zell, Trebol-a – CC BY-SA.

PART 2

Eric Kilby, IssamBarhoumi, Wapondaponda, Mary Harrsch – CC BY(-SA);
Orthodoxe-heilige.ch, Khalili Collections – CC BY 4.0;
Jl FilpoC, Daniel Jolivet, MartinPoulter, Werner Ustorf, Mohammed Kamal, Ridwan0810, Chi King – CC BY(-SA);
Zoo Duisburg (Anil Öztas), Silesian Museum exhibits – CC BY(-NC)-SA;
Bartolini-Lucenti et al., Mauricio Antón, Muséum de Toulouse, Robert S. Burrett, OpenStax – CC BY(-SA);
Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP;
Pbuergler, Di Loreto & Hurlbert (Smithsonian), Tim Evanson, Shalom – CC BY(-SA);
Olleyolin, Mariana Ruiz, Jmarchn – own work;
Sergey Karpov, Daniel Stoupin – CC BY-SA (choano.org);
Nikolić et al., CC BY 2.5.

PART 3

Fraser et al., CC0; Stephen Hudson, Oleg Kuznetsov (3depix), Didier Descouens – CC BY(-SA);
Muséum de Toulouse, Tim Evanson – CC BY-SA;
Gonzales et al., Brasier et al. (Lyell Collection), Jamie Hiscocks, Oast House Archive – various CC BY(-SA);
Nobu Tamura (spinops.blogspot), Marcus Ringer, Alina Zienowicz, Junnn11 – CC BY(-SA);
Moysiuk & Caron, Qohelet12, Park et al. (Nature), Sirius Passet images – CC BY 4.0;
Dlyj0604, Martin Smith, B Kimmel/Geoff Gallice – CC BY(-SA);
Cardiodictyon catenulum: Strausfeld/Univ. Arizona (Science.org);
Ryan Somma, Dunn et al., Verisimilus, Nhobgood, Smith609 – CC BY(-SA/2.5);
Aleksey Nagovitsyn (Alnagov), 3depix, MUSE – CC BY-SA;
Smokeybjb, James St. John – CC BY(-SA);
Pates et al., ANU TV, Prehistorica CM, Dongjing Fu et al. – CC BY 4.0;
Ma et al. (2014), Jie Yang et al. – Nat. Commun., CC BY 4.0;
Strausfeld (Spinops), CC BY-SA;
Life Science Databases (LSDB), CC BY-SA 2.1 JP;
Danielsabinasz, Tree of Life (Neal Olander), zeevveez, Cephas, Jón Helgi Jónsson, Ester Inbar, LiquidGhoul – CC BY(-SA);
Del Mouro et al., Cranitch et al. (Zootaxa), FunkMonk – CC BY(-SA).