
1. Economies of scale - The cost per ton-mile decreases significantly as train length increases. Once you have a locomotive and crew in place, adding more cars requires minimal additional resources while greatly increasing cargo capacity.
2. Fuel efficiency - Trains already have the best fuel efficiency per ton of cargo compared to trucks, ships, or planes. Longer trains further improve this efficiency by spreading the locomotive's fuel consumption across more cargo.
3. Labor productivity - A single crew can operate a train regardless of whether it has 20 cars or 150+ cars, making longer trains much more cost-effective from a labor perspective.
4. Infrastructure utilization - Railway networks have limited capacity (in terms of available track time and space). Running fewer, longer trains maximizes the throughput of existing infrastructure.
5. Reduced congestion - Fewer, longer trains cause less overall network congestion than many shorter trains that would need to be scheduled and managed.
6. Operational efficiency - Consolidating shipments into larger trains reduces the complexity of switching operations at rail yards.
The main limiting factors for train length are typically physical constraints (like passing sidings, grades, and curves), braking capabilities, and coupling strength between cars. Modern freight trains in North America commonly reach 10,000+ feet (over 2 miles) with 100-150+ cars.
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