The History of The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested. The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists have said the most important effect of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population in the western world began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries. GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy, while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes. Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s, while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830. Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s, with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron, and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.

0:00:00 - intro
0:00:13 - Summary
0:00:27 - Etymology
0:00:41 - Requirements
0:01:10 - Important technological developments
0:01:47 - British textile industry statistics
0:01:58 - Cotton
0:02:12 - Trade and textiles
0:02:35 - Pre-mechanized European textile production
0:02:46 - Invention of textile machinery
0:04:09 - Wool
0:04:18 - Silk
0:04:28 - UK iron production statistics
0:04:43 - Iron process innovations
0:06:02 - Steam power
0:07:52 - Machine tools
0:08:30 - Chemicals
0:09:04 - Cement
0:09:16 - Gas lighting
0:09:22 - Glass making
0:09:26 - Paper machine
0:09:38 - Agriculture
0:10:06 - Mining
0:10:26 - Transportation
0:10:37 - Canals and improved waterways
0:10:51 - Roads
0:11:17 - Railways
0:11:55 - Factory system
0:12:25 - Standards of living
0:13:14 - Food and nutrition
0:13:24 - Housing
0:14:03 - Sanitation
0:14:15 - Water supply
0:14:23 - Literacy and industrialization
0:14:58 - Clothing and consumer goods
0:15:57 - Population increase
0:16:07 - Urbanization
0:16:24 - Effect on women and family life
0:16:34 - Social structure and working conditions
0:16:46 - Factories and urbanisation
0:17:18 - Child labour
0:17:31 - Organisation of labour
0:18:19 - Luddites
0:18:25 - Shift in production's center of gravity
0:18:46 - Cotton and the expansion of slavery
0:19:00 - Effect on environment
0:19:40 - Causes
0:19:46 - Transfer of knowledge
0:20:16 - Protestant work ethic
0:20:26 - Criticisms
0:20:38 - Individualism humanism and harsh conditions
0:20:50 - Primitivism
0:21:05 - Pollution and ecological collapse
0:21:21 - The Anthropocene
0:21:30 - Opposition from Romanticism
0:21:42 - outro

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