
1. Complete or near-complete removal of original forest cover, usually defined as reducing tree canopy coverage below 10-30% (specific thresholds vary by country and organization)
2. Conversion of forested land to other uses, such as:
- Agricultural land (crops or pasture)
- Urban development
- Infrastructure (roads, dams)
- Mining operations
- Tree plantations (though these are sometimes classified differently)
3. Loss of original forest ecosystem characteristics including:
- Native tree species
- Forest structure and layering
- Natural understory vegetation
- Wildlife habitat
- Soil characteristics
Even if some trees remain or new vegetation grows, an area is typically considered deforested when the original forest ecosystem has been fundamentally altered and can no longer function as a natural forest.
It's worth noting that temporary clearing, such as from sustainable forestry practices where trees are replanted, is generally not considered deforestation. The key distinction is whether the land use has been permanently changed from forest to non-forest.