A lumbar fusion is a surgical procedure to permanently join two or more vertebrae in the lower spine, eliminating motion between them. It is typically performed to treat conditions like degenerative disc disease, spinal instability, herniated discs, or fractures. During the procedure, bone grafts, implants, or screws are used to stabilize the affected vertebrae, allowing them to heal into a single, solid bone over time. The goal is to reduce pain, improve spinal stability, and restore function. Recovery may involve physical therapy and lifestyle adjustments to support healing.