Contrails form when hot exhaust gases from aircraft engines, which contain water vapor, mix with the cold, low-pressure air at high altitudes, typically below -40°C. The water vapor in the exhaust cools rapidly, condensing into tiny water droplets or ice crystals when the surrounding air is saturated with moisture and the temperature drops below the dew point or frost point. If the temperature is low enough, the condensed water vapor freezes, forming ice crystals, which become visible as contrails. These ice crystals scatter sunlight, making the contrail visible from the ground.The persistence and behavior of contrails depend on atmospheric conditions. If the surrounding air is humid, the ice crystals may grow and spread, causing the contrail to linger and potentially develop into cirrus clouds. In contrast, if the air is dry, the contrail dissipates quickly. The likelihood of contrail formation is influenced by factors like altitude, humidity, and the type of engine and fuel used. At higher altitudes with colder temperatures and higher humidity, contrails are more likely to form and last longer.
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