Shaft Spillway

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A shaft spillway, also known as a morning glory spillway or glory hole spillway, is a type of dam spillway used to control water levels in reservoirs and prevent overtopping. It consists of a vertical or near-vertical shaft that functions like a giant drain or funnel.

The key components and characteristics include:

1. Bell-mouth inlet: The top of the shaft has a funnel-shaped opening that allows water to enter smoothly. This distinctive shape gives it the "morning glory" nickname.

2. Vertical shaft: The main channel that carries water downward through the dam structure.

3. Horizontal tunnel: At the bottom, the vertical shaft transitions into a horizontal tunnel that carries water safely past the dam to discharge downstream.

4. Function: When reservoir water levels rise above a certain point, water begins flowing into the spillway automatically. The higher the water level, the greater the flow rate, helping maintain safe water levels.

A famous example is the Glory Hole spillway at Lake Berryessa's Monticello Dam in California. When operating at full capacity, these spillways can handle massive volumes of water and create a dramatic vortex effect at the surface.

The main advantages of shaft spillways are:
- They require less space than conventional spillways
- They can handle large volumes of water efficiently
- They operate automatically based on water levels
- They can be built through the dam or abutment rock

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