What network structure is LoRaWAN deployed in?

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LoRaWAN network architecture is deployed in a star topology.

In a star topology, nodes are connected to a central hub or router, where information is propagated from the central hub or router to all nodes. If there are n nodes, then there are n links in a star topology.

Comparison and difference between star and mesh topologies. In a star topology, nodes are connected to a central hub or router, while in a mesh topology, nodes are fully interconnected by dedicated links.
Star topology has good scalability, while mesh topology has poor scalability.
Star topology has lower cost, while mesh topology has high cost.