The Complete History of Estonia 🇪🇪

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The history of Estonia forms a part of the history of Europe. Humans settled in the region of Estonia near the end of the last glacial era, beginning from around 8500 BC. Before German crusaders invaded in the early 13th century, proto-Estonians of ancient Estonia worshipped spirits of nature. Starting with the Northern Crusades in the Middle Ages, Estonia became a battleground for centuries where Denmark, Germany, Russia, Sweden and Poland fought their many wars over controlling the important geographical position of the country as a gateway between East and West. After Danes and Germans conquered the area in 1227, Estonia was ruled initially by Denmark in the north, by the Livonian Order, an autonomous part of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and by Baltic German ecclesiastical states of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1418 to 1562 the whole of Estonia formed part of the Livonian Confederation. After the Livonian War of 1558–1583, Estonia became part of the Swedish Empire until 1710/1721, when Sweden ceded it to Russia as a result of the Great Northern War of 1700–1721. Throughout this period the Baltic-German nobility enjoyed autonomy, and German served as the language of administration and education. The Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840) led to the Estonian national awakening in the middle of the 19th century. In the aftermath of World War I (1914-1918) and the Russian revolutions of 1917, Estonians declared their independence in February 1918. The Estonian War of Independence (1918-1920) ensued on two fronts: the newly proclaimed state fought against Bolshevist Russia to the east and against the Baltic German forces (the Baltische Landeswehr) to the south. The Tartu Peace Treaty (February 1920) marked the end of fighting and recognised Estonian independence in perpetuity. In 1940, in the wake of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the Soviet Union occupied Estonia and illegally annexed the country. In the course of Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany occupied Estonia in 1941; the Soviet Army occupied Estonia in 1944. Estonia later gained its independence in the course of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and joined the European Union and NATO in 2004.

0:00:00 - intro
0:00:12 - Summary
0:01:35 - Mesolithic Period
0:02:00 - Neolithic Period
0:02:54 - Bronze Age
0:03:39 - Iron Age
0:04:32 - Early Middle Ages
0:05:44 - Estonian Crusade: The Middle Ages
0:06:26 - Danish Estonia
0:06:58 - Swedish coastal settlements
0:07:43 - Terra Mariana
0:08:55 - The Reformation
0:09:39 - Division of Estonia in the Livonian War
0:14:39 - Estonia in the Swedish Empire
0:15:11 - Estonia in the Russian Empire (1710–1917)
0:16:50 - The Estophile enlightenment period (1750–1840)
0:17:39 - National awakening
0:18:24 - Road to the republic (1917–1920)
0:19:21 - War of Independence
0:19:42 - Victory
0:20:04 - Interwar period (1920–1939)
0:22:25 - World War II (1939–1944)
0:22:44 - Incorporation in the Soviet Union (1940)
0:25:44 - Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany (1941–1944)
0:27:39 - The Holocaust in Estonia
0:29:05 - Fate of other minorities during and after World War II
0:29:26 - Stalinism
0:30:28 - Khrushchev era
0:30:46 - Capital investments
0:30:55 - Health care
0:31:13 - Brezhnev era
0:31:24 - Moscow Olympic Games of 1980
0:31:42 - Andropov and Chernenko era
0:32:02 - Alcoholism
0:32:22 - Gorbachev era
0:32:39 - Restoration of de facto independence
0:36:42 - Contemporary Estonian government (1992–present)
0:36:59 - Meri presidency and Laar premiership (1992–2001)
0:39:18 - Rüütel presidency and Siim Kallas government (2001–2002)
0:39:44 - Juhan Parts government (2003)
0:41:01 - Andrus Ansip government (2004)
0:42:24 - 2007 elections
0:43:09 - Estonia and the European Union
0:45:04 - Estonia–Russia relations in the late 2000s
0:45:51 - From 2011 to present
0:46:54 - Female leadership 2021
0:47:10 - outro

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