How Electric Power Steering Work

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Here’s an in-depth look at how electric power steering works in your car!


In this video we look at column-mounted electric power steering from a 2004 Toyota Prius. The steering rack and entire steering column is taken apart and dissected to see what’s inside and how it works. The main components include the steering wheel, airbag, clockspring, turn signal switches, steering column, torque sensor, “rotary valve”, EPS motor with drive gear, EPS computer, intermediate shaft and steering rack.


The steering works as a closed loop control system. The torque sensor supplies the input to the EPS computer which indicates the driver’s intended direction of steering rotation. The steering shaft has a small torsion beam that moves, triggering a change in the coil’s magnetic field relative to the reference signal inside the torque sensor. This signal is processed and sent to the EPS computer. The computer will then take a high current contact and complete the circuit for the EPS motor, which operates at 12V.


The EPS motor is geared for more torque to overcome the vehicle’s steering forces, as opposed to high speed operation. The motor is a direct drive via a spiral gear to the drive gear on the pinion shaft. The drive gear is made of plastic, so that there isn’t too much friction when manually cycling the steering without assist. Once torque is supplied, it aids the movement of the steering rack to turn the wheels.


Skip to section in the video:
0:00 Introduction
1:47 Disassembly
5:55 Steering Column
7:37 Torque Sensor
10:54 Steering ECU
11:45 Steering Rack



Here's a video on how rack-mounted electric power steering works:



Here's how hydraulic power steering works:



Here's what's inside a power steering pump:



Here's how an electric power steering rack works:




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