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How a helicopter built of phone parts survived Mars for 3 years. Use code veritasium at to get an exclusive 60% off an annual Incogni plan.

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Correction:
0:12, we say that ingenuity is 680g which is its weight on Mars. On Earth however, it weighs around 1800g.

Clarifications:
- A Patreon supporter named Zeus pointed out that we were wrong about Perseverance's/Ingenuity's position on Mars. It is in the Northern Hemisphere and hence Mars would be getting closer to the Sun as it goes into winter.
- Ingenuity was on Mars for 1004 Earth days.

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A massive thank you to the team at JPL and especially Teddy Tzanetos, Travis Brown, Håvard Grip and DC Agle

Check out Astrum's video on Mars -

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0:00 How Did Ingenuity Get To Mars?
3:23 Better Results, Bigger Expectations
6:15 Wobblecopter
7:48 Dust On Mars
9:41 What Is The Temperature On Mars?
11:54 Wake-Up Call
13:41 Android To The Rescue
16:22 Cosmic Rays
20:53 Dune and The Crash
25:26 The Next Generation

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References:

Ingenuity Mars Helicopter - NASA Science via science.nasa.gov -
Ingenuity (helicopter) via Wikipedia -
Mars Facts | NASA Mars Exploration via science.nasa.gov -
Inside the Ingenuity Helicopter Teamwork on Mars via insideunmannedsystems.com -
Ingenuity Adapts for Mars Winter Operations via science.nasa.gov -
Ingenuity Is Doing Surprisingly Well via www.universetoday.com -
Remember NASA's Little Mars Copter? It's Still Going Strong via www.sciencealert.com -
How Far Away Is Mars? via www.space.com -
Mars Cameras via science.nasa.gov -
Mars Exploration Meeting Documentation via www.hou.usra.edu -
Ingenuity Quick Facts via www.jpl.nasa.gov -
Flight 14 Delayed via science.nasa.gov -
Ingenuity Almost Crashed Due to Camera Glitch via petapixel.com -

Additional References -

Images & Video:

Images and video from Perseverance and Ingenuity missions supplied by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Matthias (3 axis accelerometer, 3 axis gyroscope)
Veritasium.
The Limiting Factor

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
VideoFromSpace.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Veritasium.
Sighawke.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
JPL Raw.
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Apex Clips.
Veritasium.
Cyber Chaos Crew.
NBC News.

Further image and video credits -

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, HydrochloRick, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Henry van Dyck
Written by Henry van Dyck
Edited by Trenton Oliver
On-site Interviews by Jonny Hyman
Filming by Alex Gorosh
Produced by Rob Beasley Spence, Tori Brittain, Jonny Hyman, Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong, Zoe Heron, and Derek Muller
Animated by Emma Wright and Mike Radjabov
Additional Research by Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal
Additional Editing by James Stuart
Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Gregor Čavlović and Henry van Dyck

Additional video/photos supplied by NASA JPL, Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

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