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#volcano #australia #gold
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Hidden beneath the tranquil hills and farmlands of central New South Wales lies a geological revelation that has remained concealed for nearly 290 million years. In this video, we explore the remarkable discovery of two massive ancient volcanic calderas — the Bara Creek Caldera and the Three Hills Caldera — recently identified through advanced seismic imaging and geological modelling. These calderas, preserved beneath layers of Sydney Basin sediment, are part of a newly interpreted Permian volcanic complex that may represent one of the most significant hard-rock exploration discoveries in Australia in recent decades.

The Bara Creek and Three Hills calderas are both multi-kilometre collapse structures formed during enormous explosive eruptions during the early Permian period. These were not ordinary volcanoes. They were the result of cataclysmic events that evacuated enormous magma chambers, causing the ground to collapse and form massive craters. Over millions of years, these volcanic features were buried beneath sedimentary cover, leaving no surface trace—until now. Through a combination of high-resolution 2D seismic surveys, gravity and magnetic data, and geophysical modelling, researchers and exploration geologists have now traced the outlines of these hidden calderas with remarkable clarity.

This video takes you deep into the science and significance of this discovery. We break down how calderas form, the evidence used to detect them under cover, and why these structures are so important from a mineral systems perspective. Calderas are not just dramatic geological formations; they are also prime environments for mineralisation. The ring faults that define a caldera’s edge often remain active long after eruption, acting as channels for superheated fluids that carry dissolved metals. These hydrothermal systems deposit metals like silver, gold, lead, zinc, and copper in veins and breccia zones, often leading to rich ore deposits. The discovery of these calderas is directly linked to this process.

In fact, one of Australia's most significant silver resources — the Bowdens Silver Deposit — is now interpreted to sit on the edge of the broader Bowdens Caldera, a related structure within the same volcanic complex. This deposit, which contains an estimated 396 million ounces of silver equivalent, is hosted in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks tied to a deep-seated magmatic system. The discovery of additional caldera structures like Bara Creek and Three Hills suggests that similar mineral systems may lie undiscovered beneath the surrounding cover rocks, offering huge potential for future exploration.

The video draws on recent research and exploration data released by Silver Mines Limited in collaboration with the Geological Survey of New South Wales and university geoscientists. It features maps, seismic cross-sections, geological models, and visual reconstructions to illustrate what these buried volcanoes may have once looked like — and what they might contain. We also highlight the role of modern geophysics in uncovering these structures, showcasing how techniques like nodal seismic arrays, VTEM, and digital elevation models can reveal entire volcanic systems hidden beneath layers of younger rock.

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OzGeology is an Australian-based YouTube channel that specializes in creating high-quality documentaries on Earth sciences and natural disasters. The content is designed to be easy to digest and covers a wide range of topics, not only focusing on geology but occasionally exploring other scientific areas as well.

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