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The biggest problems in the world might be solved by tiny molecules unlocked using AI. Take your big idea online today with - code VE at checkout.

A huge thank you to John Jumper and Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool at Google Deepmind; and to David Baker and the Institute for Protein Design at the University of Washington for their invaluable expertise and explanations.

We’re incredibly grateful to Juanita Bagawan and Lucie Kerley at Google Deepmind, and Ian C. Haydon at the UW Institute for Protein Design for their assistance with some of the animation and imagery used in this video.

Special thanks to those at Google DeepMind Production Studios for their help interviewing John Jumper:
Director - Bernardo Resende
Director of Photography - Robert Messere
Senior Audio Technician - Perry Rogantin
Senior Production Coordinator - Sarah Ellen Morton
Studio Manager - Nicholas Duke

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0:00 How to determine protein structures
3:50 Why are proteins so complicated?
5:34 The CASP Competition and Deep Mind
9:08 How does Alphafold work?
12:06 3 ways to get better AI
14:24 What is a Transformer in AI?
17:15 The Structure Module
18:35 Alphafold 2 wins the Nobel Prize
20:36 Designing New Proteins - RF Diffusion
22:58 The Future of AI

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Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together.


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References and Credits:
How AI Revolutionized Protein Science, but Didn’t End It. (Jun 2024) via Quanta Magazine -
Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A. et al. (Jul 2021). Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold. Nature -
Senior, A.W., Evans, R., Jumper, J. et al. (Jan 2020). Improved protein structure prediction using potentials from deep learning. Nature -
R Zwanzig, A Szabo, B Bagchi (Jan 1992). Levinthal's paradox. PMC, National Institute of Health -
Khatib, F., DiMaio, F., Foldit Contenders Group. et al. (Sept 2011). Crystal structure of a monomeric retroviral protease solved by protein folding game players. Nature -
DeepMind co-founder: Gaming inspired AI breakthrough. (Dec 2020) via BBC -
3Blue1Brown. (Apr 2024). Transformers (how LLMs work) explained visually | DL5 via Youtube -
AlphaFold impact stories. via Deepmind Blog -
Quanta Magazine. (Oct 2024). How AI Cracked the Protein Folding Code and Won a Nobel Prize via Youtube -
Looking Glass Universe. (Apr 2024). how AlphaFold *actually* works via Youtube -
Google DeepMind. (Nov 2020). AlphaFold: The making of a scientific breakthrough via Youtube -
Nobel Prize. (Dec 2024). 2024 Nobel Prize lectures in chemistry | David Baker, Demis Hassabis and John Jumper via Youtube -
The AlphaFold2 Method Paper: A Fount of Good Ideas. (Jul 2021) via moalquraishi.wordpress -
Why Don't We Have More Protein-Protein Drug Molecules? (Dec 2009) via Science -

Images & Video:
Available here -

And if you want to learn more about how we have been making antivenom check out our previous video How Horses Save Humans From Snakebites -

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Special thanks to our Patreon supporters:

Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, I. H., Juan Benet, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, Spilmann Reed, Tj Steyn, TTST, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee

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Directed by Sumeet Kulkarni
Written by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller and Zoe Heron
Edited by Jack Saxon
Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet and Fabio Albertelli
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Filmed and demos done by Sumeet Kulkarni
Additional research by Geeta Thakur, Vincent Cheng and Emilia Gyles
Produced by Sumeet Kulkarni, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain
Thumbnail contributions by Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard and Ben Powell
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

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