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Why is it that a person can hold their breath for a longer duration while submerged in water? When individuals engage in diving activities, a series of physiological changes takes place within their bodies. These changes include the cessation of breathing, a noticeable reduction in heart rate, and an increase in vascular resistance, among other responses. This remarkable phenomenon is referred to as the mammalian diving reflex, which is an evolutionary adaptation that enhances survival in aquatic environments. As a diver descends into the water, the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the bloodstream begin to rise, while the levels of oxygen (O2) decrease. This shift in gas concentrations leads to significant alterations in the body's respiratory demands and mechanisms.

To extend the duration of breath-holding underwater, divers often inhale pure oxygen prior to their dives. This practice can significantly enhance their ability to remain submerged without the need to breathe, allowing some experienced divers to hold their breath for more than 20 minutes at a time. However, it's important to note that in individuals who are not accustomed to diving or who lack training, this reflexive response can be triggered much more quickly. This is largely due to the natural and instinctive urge to breathe, which can overpower the body's adaptations to underwater conditions. Thus, while trained divers can leverage physiological changes to their advantage, untrained individuals may find their ability to hold their breath limited by their innate drive to take a breath.
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