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A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis, Prof. Melissa Franklin, Prof. David Kaiser, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Richard Behiel, Prof. Leo Stein and Jakob Schwintenberg for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video.

Special thanks to Alessandro from ScienceClic for his help on animations and input on the script. Check out his excellent video on Noether’s theorem here:

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0:00 What is symmetry?
4:25 Emmy Noether and Einstein
7:33 General Covariance
11:59 The Principle of Least Action
15:29 Noether’s First Theorem
18:24 The Continuity Equation
23:20 Escape from Germany
24:49 The Standard Model - Higgs and Quarks

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References:
MathHistory Biography - Emmy Amalie Noether via mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk -
Bartlett, J. G. (2021). The Standard Cosmological Model and CMB Anisotropies. New Astron.Rev. 43 (1999) 83-109 -
Kimberling, C. (1982). Emmy Noether, Greatest Woman Mathematician. Mathematics Teacher, March 1982, Volume 84, Number 3, pp. 246–249. -
Blunck, A., et al. (2016). Mathematik und Gender. Verlag Franzbecker -
Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Sage Publications -
Without Emmy Noether, there would be a huge gap in mathematics and its understanding via www.mpg.de -
Dihedral group of order 6 via Wikipedia -
Emmy Noether University of Erlangen via Wikipedia -
Timeline of women in mathematics via Wikipedia -
Elizaveta Litvinova via Wikipedia -
Sofya Kovalevskaya via Wikipedia -
Charlotte Scott via Wikipedia -
Cornelia Fabri via Wikipedia -
Emmy Noether, the renowned mathematician who taught 20 years of unpaid classes just because she was a woman via english.elpais.com -
Noether, E. (1908). Über die Bildung des Formensystems der ternären biquadratischen Form. Reimer -
Noether, E. (1983). Invariante Variationsprobleme. Gott.Nachr.1918:235-257,1918; Transp.Theory Statist.Phys.1:186-207,1971 -
Noether, E. (2018). M. A. Tavel’s English translation of “Invariante Variationsprobleme”. arXiv -
Byers, N. (1998). E. Noether’s Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws*. Mod.Phys.Lett. A14 (1999) 99-104 -
De Haro, S. (2021). Noether’s Theorems and Energy in General Relativity. Cambridge University Press, 2021 -
Rowe, D. E. (2019). Emmy Noether on Energy Conservation in General Relativity. arXiv -
Branding, K. (2005). A Note on General Relativity, Energy Conservation, and Noether’s Theorems. Springer -

Additional References:


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Directed by Matthew Davies
Written by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Pablo Rovetto
Edited by Trenton Oliver, Peter Nelson and Nick Lear
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet, Alessandro Roussel and Ivy Tello
Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy Stevens, Maria Gusakovich and Emma Wright
Additional research by Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal
Produced by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain

Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell and Peter Sheppard

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

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