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Open pit excavators, also known as mining excavators or mining shovels, are massive pieces of heavy equipment used primarily in surface mining and large-scale earthmoving operations. They are among the largest land vehicles in the world.

Key characteristics:

1. Size and Capacity: These machines can be enormous, with some models weighing over 800 tons and capable of moving up to 100 cubic meters of material in a single scoop.

2. Design: They typically consist of:
- A rotating superstructure containing the operator's cab and engine
- A large boom and stick (arm) assembly
- A massive bucket for digging and loading material
- A tracked undercarriage for mobility

3. Operation Methods:
- Front shovel configuration: Digs above track level, ideal for loading trucks
- Backhoe configuration: Digs below track level, useful for deeper excavation

4. Primary Uses:
- Surface mining of coal, copper, iron ore, and other minerals
- Large-scale construction projects
- Quarrying operations
- Stripping overburden (removing top layers of soil/rock)

Major manufacturers include Caterpillar, Komatsu, Liebherr, and Hitachi, who produce various models ranging from medium-sized to ultra-class excavators.

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