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LSD-fiend, surfer, maverick — Kary Mullis might be the weirdest person ever to win the Nobel Prize. Get a little smarter every day with Brilliant. Visit to get 20% off your annual premium subscription.

A massive thank you to Tom White, Hudson Freeze, and Henry Erlich for their time and expertise on the subject.

A huge thank you to Eleni Kleanthous, Jan Novoselec, Kieran Sparkes, Andrew Garcia, and UCSD’s Pride Lab for reviewing the science.

For great coverage of the PCR story, check out ‘Making PCR’ by Paul Rabinow -

For exclusive behind-the-scenes content on the making of this video, join us on Patreon:

00:00 DNA under a microscope
01:17 Kary Mullis at Berkeley
02:50 Cetus and early biotech
04:16 How to detect sickle cell anemia
09:12 Kary Mullis at Cetus
10:39 Infinite DNA glitch explained
15:29 Kary Mullis struggles
18:10 Thermus Aquaticus to the rescue
23:53 Going public
26:59 The quirky genius, Kary Mullis

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If you’re looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms, a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically -

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References:
Mullis, K. (1968). Cosmological Significance of Time Reversal. Nature -
Mullis, K. (1997). Dancing Naked in the Mind Field. Vintage -
McDonald, C. (2019). Intolerable Genius. Cal Alumni Association -
Conner, B. J. et al. (1983). Detection of sickle cell beta S-globin allele by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences -
Human Beta-globin gene via UniProt -
Saiki, R. K. et al. (1985). Enzymatic Amplification of β-Globin Genomic Sequences and Restriction Site Analysis for Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemia. Science -
Mullis, K. B. (1990). The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Scientific American -
Kary B. Mullis via The Nobel Prize -
Restriction Enzymes via The Nobel Prize -
Saiki, R. K. et al. (1988). Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase. Science -
Smith, T. C. (2024). HIV Denial in the COVID Era. AIDS and Behavior. -
Mullis, K. B., Faloona, F. A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods in Enzymology -
Dr. Kary Mullis about LSD via RadioIciMaintenant Rim -
Brock, T. D., & Freeze, H. (1969). Thermus aquaticus gen. n. and sp. n., a Nonsporulating Extreme Thermophile. Journal of Bacteriology -
Rediscovering Yellowstone via UW-Madison -
Presidential Aids Advisory Panel Report via gov.za -
Nattrass, N. (2008). AIDS and the Scientific Governance of Medicine in Post-Apartheid South Africa. African Affairs -
Chigwedere, P. et al. (2008). Estimating the Lost Benefits of Antiretroviral Drug Use in South Africa. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes -

Images & Video:
Available here -

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Directed by Gregor Čavlović and Latif Nasser
Written by Gregor Čavlović, Latif Nasser, and Derek Muller
Edited by Peter Nelson
Animated by Ivy Tello, Emma Wright, Fabio Albertelli, Andrew Neet, and Alex Drakoulis
Illustrated by Emma Wright, Maria Gusakovich, and Jakub Misiek,
Filmed by Derek Muller, Alex Gorosh, and Gregor Čavlović
Additional research by Geeta Thakur and Gabriel Bean
Produced by Derek Muller, Latif Nasser, Gregor Čavlović, Rob Beasley Spence, Emily Lazard, Tori Brittain, James Horsley, Luke Lewis, Matthew Cavanagh, Barbara Abraul, Henry Van Dyck, Petr Lebedev, and Casper Mebius

Thumbnail contributions by Ben Powell, Ren Hurley, Peter Sheppard, Maria Gusakovich, Emma Wright, Jakub Misiek, and Tommy Steven

Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Storyblocks
Music from Epidemic Sound

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